Due by 11:59pm on Tuesday, December 1.

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初始文件

下载 lab14.zip。 在压缩包中，你可以找到本实验问题的初始文件，以及一份 Ok 自动评分器。

必答题

Trees

Q1: Prune Min

Write a function that prunes a Tree t mutatively. t and its branches always have zero or two branches. For the trees with two branches, reduce the number of branches from two to one by keeping the branch that has the smaller label value. Do nothing with trees with zero branches.

Prune the tree in a direction of your choosing (top down or bottom up). The result should be a linear tree.

def prune_min(t):
    """Prune the tree mutatively from the bottom up.

    >>> t1 = Tree(6)
    >>> prune_min(t1)
    >>> t1
    Tree(6)
    >>> t2 = Tree(6, [Tree(3), Tree(4)])
    >>> prune_min(t2)
    >>> t2
    Tree(6, [Tree(3)])
    >>> t3 = Tree(6, [Tree(3, [Tree(1), Tree(2)]), Tree(5, [Tree(3), Tree(4)])])
    >>> prune_min(t3)
    >>> t3
    Tree(6, [Tree(3, [Tree(1)])])
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q prune_min

Scheme

Q2: Split

Implement split-at, which takes a list lst and a positive number n as input and returns a pair new such that (car new) is the first n elements of lst and (cdr new) is the remaining elements of lst. If n is greater than the length of lst, (car new) should be lst and (cdr new) should be nil.

(define (split-at lst n)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
)

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q split-at

Q3: Compose All

Implement compose-all, which takes a list of one-argument functions and returns a one-argument function that applies each function in that list in turn to its argument. For example, if func is the result of calling compose-all on a list of functions (f g h), then (func x) should be equivalent to the result of calling (h (g (f x))).

scm> (define (square x) (* x x))
square
scm> (define (add-one x) (+ x 1))
add-one
scm> (define (double x) (* x 2))
double
scm> (define composed (compose-all (list double square add-one)))
composed
scm> (composed 1)
5
scm> (composed 2)
17

(define (compose-all funcs)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
)

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q compose-all

Tree Recursion

Q4: Num Splits

Given a list of numbers s and a target difference d, how many different ways are there to split s into two subsets such that the sum of the first is within d of the sum of the second? The number of elements in each subset can differ.

You may assume that the elements in s are distinct and that d is always non-negative.

Note that the order of the elements within each subset does not matter, nor does the order of the subsets themselves. For example, given the list [1, 2, 3], you should not count [1, 2], [3] and [3], [1, 2] as distinct splits.

Hint: If the number you return is too large, you may be double-counting somewhere. If the result you return is off by some constant factor, it will likely be easiest to simply divide/subtract away that factor.

def num_splits(s, d):
    """Return the number of ways in which s can be partitioned into two
    sublists that have sums within d of each other.

    >>> num_splits([1, 5, 4], 0)  # splits to [1, 4] and [5]
    1
    >>> num_splits([6, 1, 3], 1)  # no split possible
    0
    >>> num_splits([-2, 1, 3], 2) # [-2, 3], [1] and [-2, 1, 3], []
    2
    >>> num_splits([1, 4, 6, 8, 2, 9, 5], 3)
    12
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q num_splits

Submit

Make sure to submit this assignment by running:

python3 ok --submit

选做题

Objects

Q5: Checking account

We'd like to be able to cash checks, so let's add a deposit_check method to our CheckingAccount class. It will take a Check object as an argument, and check to see if the payable_to attribute matches the CheckingAccount's holder. If so, it marks the Check as deposited, and adds the amount specified to the CheckingAccount's total.

Write an appropriate Check class, and add the deposit_check method to the CheckingAccount class. Make sure not to copy and paste code! Use inheritance whenever possible.

See the doctests for examples of how this code should work.

class CheckingAccount(Account):
    """A bank account that charges for withdrawals.

    >>> check = Check("Steven", 42)  # 42 dollars, payable to Steven
    >>> steven_account = CheckingAccount("Steven")
    >>> eric_account = CheckingAccount("Eric")
    >>> eric_account.deposit_check(check)  # trying to steal steven's money
    The police have been notified.
    >>> eric_account.balance
    0
    >>> check.deposited
    False
    >>> steven_account.balance
    0
    >>> steven_account.deposit_check(check)
    42
    >>> check.deposited
    True
    >>> steven_account.deposit_check(check)  # can't cash check twice
    The police have been notified.
    """
    withdraw_fee = 1
    interest = 0.01

    def withdraw(self, amount):
        return Account.withdraw(self, amount + self.withdraw_fee)

    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

class Check(object):
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q CheckingAccount

Tree Recursion

Q6: Align Skeleton

Have you wondered how your CS61A exams are graded online? To see how your submission differs from the solution skeleton code, okpy uses an algorithm very similar to the one below which shows us the minimum number of edit operations needed to transform the the skeleton code into your submission.

Similar to pawssible_patches in Cats, we consider two different edit operations:

1. Insert a letter to the skeleton code
2. Delete a letter from the skeleton code

Given two strings, skeleton and code, implement align_skeleton, a function that minimizes the edit distance between the two strings and returns a string of all the edits. Each addition is represented with +[], and each deletion is represented with -[]. For example:

>>> align_skeleton(skeleton = "x=5", code = "x=6")
'x=+[6]-[5]'
>>> align_skeleton(skeleton = "while x<y", code = "for x<y")
'+[f]+[o]+[r]-[w]-[h]-[i]-[l]-[e]x<y'

In the first example, the +[6] represents adding a "6" to the skeleton code, while the -[5] represents removing a "5" to the skeleton code. In the second example, we add in the letters "f", "o", and "r" and remove the letters "w", "h", "i", "l", and "e" from the skeleton code to transform it to the submitted code.

Note: For simplicity, all whitespaces are stripped from both the skeleton and submitted code, so you don't have to consider whitespaces in your logic.

align_skeleton uses a recursive helper function, helper_align, which takes in skeleton_idx and code_idx, the indices of the letters from skeleton and code which we are comparing. It returns two things: match, the sequence of edit corrections, and cost, the numer of edit operations made. First, you should define your three base cases:

• If both skeleton_idx and code_idx are at the end of their respective strings, then there are no more operations to be made.
• If we have not finished considering all letters in skeleton but we have considered all letters in code, then we simply need to delete all the remaining letters in skeleton to match it to code.
• If we have not finished considering all letters in code but we have considered all letters in skeleton , then we simply need to add all the remaining letters in code to skeleton.

Next, you should implement the rest of the edit operations for align_skeleton and helper_align. You may not need all the lines provided.

def align_skeleton(skeleton, code):
    """
    Aligns the given skeleton with the given code, minimizing the edit distance between
    the two. Both skeleton and code are assumed to be valid one-line strings of code. 

    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="", code="")
    ''
    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="", code="i")
    '+[i]'
    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="i", code="")
    '-[i]'
    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="i", code="i")
    'i'
    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="i", code="j")
    '+[j]-[i]'
    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="x=5", code="x=6")
    'x=+[6]-[5]'
    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="return x", code="return x+1")
    'returnx+[+]+[1]'
    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="while x<y", code="for x<y")
    '+[f]+[o]+[r]-[w]-[h]-[i]-[l]-[e]x<y'
    >>> align_skeleton(skeleton="def f(x):", code="def g(x):")
    'def+[g]-[f](x):'
    """
    skeleton, code = skeleton.replace(" ", ""), code.replace(" ", "")

    def helper_align(skeleton_idx, code_idx):
        """
        Aligns the given skeletal segment with the code.
        Returns (match, cost)
            match: the sequence of corrections as a string
            cost: the cost of the corrections, in edits
        """
        if skeleton_idx == len(skeleton) and code_idx == len(code):
            return _________, ______________
        if skeleton_idx < len(skeleton) and code_idx == len(code):
            edits = "".join(["-[" + c + "]" for c in skeleton[skeleton_idx:]])
            return _________, ______________
        if skeleton_idx == len(skeleton) and code_idx < len(code):
            edits = "".join(["+[" + c + "]" for c in code[code_idx:]])
            return _________, ______________

        possibilities = []
        skel_char, code_char = skeleton[skeleton_idx], code[code_idx]
        # Match
        if skel_char == code_char:
            _________________________________________
            _________________________________________
            possibilities.append((_______, ______))
        # Insert
        _________________________________________
        _________________________________________
        possibilities.append((_______, ______))
        # Delete
        _________________________________________
        _________________________________________
        possibilities.append((_______, ______))
        return min(possibilities, key=lambda x: x[1])
    result, cost = ________________________
    return result

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q align_skeleton

Linked Lists

Q7: Fold Left

Write the left fold function by filling in the blanks.

def foldl(link, fn, z):
    """ Left fold
    >>> lst = Link(3, Link(2, Link(1)))
    >>> foldl(lst, sub, 0) # (((0 - 3) - 2) - 1)
    -6
    >>> foldl(lst, add, 0) # (((0 + 3) + 2) + 1)
    6
    >>> foldl(lst, mul, 1) # (((1 * 3) * 2) * 1)
    6
    """
    if link is Link.empty:
        return z
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
    return foldl(______, ______, ______)

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q foldl

Q8: Filter With Fold

Write the filterl function, using either foldl or foldr.

def filterl(lst, pred):
    """ Filters LST based on PRED
    >>> lst = Link(4, Link(3, Link(2, Link(1))))
    >>> filterl(lst, lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
    Link(4, Link(2))
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q filterl

Q9: Reverse With Fold

Notice that mapl and filterl are not recursive anymore! We used the implementation of foldl and foldr to implement the actual recursion: we only need to provide the recursive step and the base case to fold.

Use foldl to write reverse, which takes in a recursive list and reverses it. Hint: It only takes one line!

Extra for experience: Write a version of reverse that do not use the Link constructor. You do not have to use foldl or foldr.

def reverse(lst):
    """ Reverses LST with foldl
    >>> reverse(Link(3, Link(2, Link(1))))
    Link(1, Link(2, Link(3)))
    >>> reverse(Link(1))
    Link(1)
    >>> reversed = reverse(Link.empty)
    >>> reversed is Link.empty
    True
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q reverse

Q10: Fold With Fold

Write foldl using foldr! You only need to fill in the step function.

identity = lambda x: x

def foldl2(link, fn, z):
    """ Write foldl using foldr
    >>> list = Link(3, Link(2, Link(1)))
    >>> foldl2(list, sub, 0) # (((0 - 3) - 2) - 1)
    -6
    >>> foldl2(list, add, 0) # (((0 + 3) + 2) + 1)
    6
    >>> foldl2(list, mul, 1) # (((1 * 3) * 2) * 1)
    6
    """
    def step(x, g):
        "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
    return foldr(link, step, identity)(z)

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q foldl2