实验9: 期中复习
Lab 9: Midterm Review

lab09.zip

Due by 11:59pm on Tuesday, October 27.

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初始文件

下载 lab09.zip。在压缩包中，你可以找到本实验问题的初始文件，以及一份 Ok 自动评分器。

Submission

In order to facilitate midterm studying, solutions to this lab were released with the lab. We encourage you to try out the problems and struggle for a while before looking at the solutions! Note: You do not need to run python ok --submit to receive credit for this assignment.

必答题

Q1: All Questions Are Optional

Updated: The following questions in this assignment are not graded, but they are highly recommended to help you prepare for the upcoming midterm. You will receive credit for this lab even if you not complete these questions.

This question has no Ok tests.

Suggested Questions

Recursion and Tree Recursion

Q2: Subsequences

A subsequence of a sequence S is a sequence of elements from S, in the same order they appear in S, but possibly with elements missing. Thus, the lists [], [1, 3], [2], and [1, 2, 3] are some (but not all) of the subsequences of [1, 2, 3]. Write a function that takes a list and returns a list of lists, for which each individual list is a subsequence of the original input.

In order to accomplish this, you might first want to write a function insert_into_all that takes an item and a list of lists, adds the item to the beginning of nested list, and returns the resulting list.

def insert_into_all(item, nested_list):
    """Assuming that nested_list is a list of lists, return a new list
    consisting of all the lists in nested_list, but with item added to
    the front of each.

    >>> nl = [[], [1, 2], [3]]
    >>> insert_into_all(0, nl)
    [[0], [0, 1, 2], [0, 3]]
    """
    return ______________________________

def subseqs(s):
    """Assuming that S is a list, return a nested list of all subsequences
    of S (a list of lists). The subsequences can appear in any order.

    >>> seqs = subseqs([1, 2, 3])
    >>> sorted(seqs)
    [[], [1], [1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [1, 3], [2], [2, 3], [3]]
    >>> subseqs([])
    [[]]
    """
    if ________________:
        ________________
    else:
        ________________
        ________________

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q subseqs

Q3: Increasing Subsequences

Just like the last question, we want to write a function that takes a list and returns a list of lists, where each individual list is a subsequence of the original input.

This time we have another condition: we only want the subsequences for which consecutive elements are nondecreasing. For example, [1, 3, 2] is a subsequence of [1, 3, 2, 4], but since 2 < 3, this subsequence would not be included in our result.

Fill in the blanks to complete the implementation of the inc_subseqs function. You may assume that the input list contains no negative elements.

You may use the provided helper function insert_into_all, which takes in an item and a list of lists and inserts the item to the front of each list.

def inc_subseqs(s):
    """Assuming that S is a list, return a nested list of all subsequences
    of S (a list of lists) for which the elements of the subsequence
    are strictly nondecreasing. The subsequences can appear in any order.

    >>> seqs = inc_subseqs([1, 3, 2])
    >>> sorted(seqs)
    [[], [1], [1, 2], [1, 3], [2], [3]]
    >>> inc_subseqs([])
    [[]]
    >>> seqs2 = inc_subseqs([1, 1, 2])
    >>> sorted(seqs2)
    [[], [1], [1], [1, 1], [1, 1, 2], [1, 2], [1, 2], [2]]
    """
    def subseq_helper(s, prev):
        if not s:
            return ____________________
        elif s[0] < prev:
            return ____________________
        else:
            a = ______________________
            b = ______________________
            return insert_into_all(________, ______________) + ________________
    return subseq_helper(____, ____)

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q inc_subseqs

Q4: Number of Trees

A full binary tree is a tree where each node has either 2 branches or 0 branches, but never 1 branch.

How many possible full binary tree structures exist that have exactly n leaves?

For those interested in combinatorics, this problem does have a closed form solution):

def num_trees(n):
    """How many full binary trees have exactly n leaves? E.g.,

    1   2        3       3    ...
    *   *        *       *
       / \      / \     / \
      *   *    *   *   *   *
              / \         / \
             *   *       *   *

    >>> num_trees(1)
    1
    >>> num_trees(2)
    1
    >>> num_trees(3)
    2
    >>> num_trees(8)
    429

    """
    if ____________________:
        return _______________
    return _______________

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q num_trees

Generators

Q5: Generators generator

Write the generator function make_generators_generator, which takes a zero-argument generator function g and returns a generator that yields generators. For each element e yielded by the generator object returned by calling g, a new generator object is yielded that will generate entries 1 through e yielded by the generator returned by g.

def make_generators_generator(g):
    """Generates all the "sub"-generators of the generator returned by
    the generator function g.

    >>> def every_m_ints_to(n, m):
    ...     i = 0
    ...     while (i <= n):
    ...         yield i
    ...         i += m
    ...
    >>> def every_3_ints_to_10():
    ...     for item in every_m_ints_to(10, 3):
    ...         yield item
    ...
    >>> for gen in make_generators_generator(every_3_ints_to_10):
    ...     print("Next Generator:")
    ...     for item in gen:
    ...         print(item)
    ...
    Next Generator:
    0
    Next Generator:
    0
    3
    Next Generator:
    0
    3
    6
    Next Generator:
    0
    3
    6
    9
    """
    def gen(i):
        for ___________ in ___________:
            if _________________________:
                _________________________
            _______________________
            _______________________
    __________________________
    for _________ in __________________:
        ______________________________
        ______________________________

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q make_generators_generator

Objects

Q6: Keyboard

We'd like to create a Keyboard class that takes in an arbitrary number of Buttons and stores these Buttons in a dictionary. The keys in the dictionary will be ints that represent the postition on the Keyboard, and the values will be the respective Button. Fill out the methods in the Keyboard class according to each description, using the doctests as a reference for the behavior of a Keyboard.

class Button:
    """
    Represents a single button
    """
    def __init__(self, pos, key):
        """
        Creates a button
        """
        self.pos = pos
        self.key = key
        self.times_pressed = 0

class Keyboard:
    """A Keyboard takes in an arbitrary amount of buttons, and has a
    dictionary of positions as keys, and values as Buttons.

    >>> b1 = Button(0, "H")
    >>> b2 = Button(1, "I")
    >>> k = Keyboard(b1, b2)
    >>> k.buttons[0].key
    'H'
    >>> k.press(1)
    'I'
    >>> k.press(2) #No button at this position
    ''
    >>> k.typing([0, 1])
    'HI'
    >>> k.typing([1, 0])
    'IH'
    >>> b1.times_pressed
    2
    >>> b2.times_pressed
    3
    """

    def __init__(self, *args):
        ________________
        for _________ in ________________:
            ________________

    def press(self, info):
        """Takes in a position of the button pressed, and
        returns that button's output"""
        if ____________________:
            ________________
            ________________
            ________________
        ________________

    def typing(self, typing_input):
        """Takes in a list of positions of buttons pressed, and
        returns the total output"""
        ________________
        for ________ in ____________________:
            ________________
        ________________

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q Keyboard

Nonlocal

Q7: Advanced Counter

Complete the definition of make_advanced_counter_maker, which creates a function that creates counters. These counters can not only update their personal count, but also a shared count for all counters. They can also reset either count.

def make_advanced_counter_maker():
    """Makes a function that makes counters that understands the
    messages "count", "global-count", "reset", and "global-reset".
    See the examples below:

    >>> make_counter = make_advanced_counter_maker()
    >>> tom_counter = make_counter()
    >>> tom_counter('count')
    1
    >>> tom_counter('count')
    2
    >>> tom_counter('global-count')
    1
    >>> jon_counter = make_counter()
    >>> jon_counter('global-count')
    2
    >>> jon_counter('count')
    1
    >>> jon_counter('reset')
    >>> jon_counter('count')
    1
    >>> tom_counter('count')
    3
    >>> jon_counter('global-count')
    3
    >>> jon_counter('global-reset')
    >>> tom_counter('global-count')
    1
    """
    ________________
    def ____________(__________):
        ________________
        def ____________(__________):
            ________________
            "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
            # as many lines as you want
        ________________
    ________________

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q make_advanced_counter_maker

Mutable Lists

Q8: Trade

In the integer market, each participant has a list of positive integers to trade. When two participants meet, they trade the smallest non-empty prefix of their list of integers. A prefix is a slice that starts at index 0.

Write a function trade that exchanges the first m elements of list first with the first n elements of list second, such that the sums of those elements are equal, and the sum is as small as possible. If no such prefix exists, return the string 'No deal!' and do not change either list. Otherwise change both lists and return 'Deal!'. A partial implementation is provided.

Hint: You can mutate a slice of a list using slice assignment. To do so, specify a slice of the list [i:j] on the left-hand side of an assignment statement and another list on the right-hand side of the assignment statement. The operation will replace the entire given slice of the list from i inclusive to j exclusive with the elements from the given list. The slice and the given list need not be the same length.
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> b = a
>>> a[2:5] = [10, 11, 12, 13]
>>> a
[1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 6]
>>> b
[1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 6]
Additionally, recall that the starting and ending indices for a slice can be left out and Python will use a default value. lst[i:] is the same as lst[i:len(lst)], and lst[:j] is the same as lst[0:j].

def trade(first, second):
    """Exchange the smallest prefixes of first and second that have equal sum.

    >>> a = [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4]
    >>> b = [4, 3, 2, 7]
    >>> trade(a, b) # Trades 1+1+3+2=7 for 4+3=7
    'Deal!'
    >>> a
    [4, 3, 1, 1, 4]
    >>> b
    [1, 1, 3, 2, 2, 7]
    >>> c = [3, 3, 2, 4, 1]
    >>> trade(b, c)
    'No deal!'
    >>> b
    [1, 1, 3, 2, 2, 7]
    >>> c
    [3, 3, 2, 4, 1]
    >>> trade(a, c)
    'Deal!'
    >>> a
    [3, 3, 2, 1, 4]
    >>> b
    [1, 1, 3, 2, 2, 7]
    >>> c
    [4, 3, 1, 4, 1]
    """
    m, n = 1, 1

    equal_prefix = lambda: ______________________
    while _______________________________:
        if __________________:
            m += 1
        else:
            n += 1

    if equal_prefix():
        first[:m], second[:n] = second[:n], first[:m]
        return 'Deal!'
    else:
        return 'No deal!'

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q trade

Q9: Shuffle

Define a function shuffle that takes a sequence with an even number of elements (cards) and creates a new list that interleaves the elements of the first half with the elements of the second half.

def card(n):
    """Return the playing card numeral as a string for a positive n <= 13."""
    assert type(n) == int and n > 0 and n <= 13, "Bad card n"
    specials = {1: 'A', 11: 'J', 12: 'Q', 13: 'K'}
    return specials.get(n, str(n))

def shuffle(cards):
    """Return a shuffled list that interleaves the two halves of cards.

    >>> shuffle(range(6))
    [0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5]
    >>> suits = ['♡', '♢', '♤', '♧']
    >>> cards = [card(n) + suit for n in range(1,14) for suit in suits]
    >>> cards[:12]
    ['A♡', 'A♢', 'A♤', 'A♧', '2♡', '2♢', '2♤', '2♧', '3♡', '3♢', '3♤', '3♧']
    >>> cards[26:30]
    ['7♤', '7♧', '8♡', '8♢']
    >>> shuffle(cards)[:12]
    ['A♡', '7♤', 'A♢', '7♧', 'A♤', '8♡', 'A♧', '8♢', '2♡', '8♤', '2♢', '8♧']
    >>> shuffle(shuffle(cards))[:12]
    ['A♡', '4♢', '7♤', '10♧', 'A♢', '4♤', '7♧', 'J♡', 'A♤', '4♧', '8♡', 'J♢']
    >>> cards[:12]  # Should not be changed
    ['A♡', 'A♢', 'A♤', 'A♧', '2♡', '2♢', '2♤', '2♧', '3♡', '3♢', '3♤', '3♧']
    """
    assert len(cards) % 2 == 0, 'len(cards) must be even'
    half = _______________
    shuffled = []
    for i in _____________:
        _________________
        _________________
    return shuffled

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q shuffle

Linked Lists

Q10: Insert

Implement a function insert that takes a Link, a value, and an index, and inserts the value into the Link at the given index. You can assume the linked list already has at least one element. Do not return anything -- insert should mutate the linked list.

Note: If the index is out of bounds, you can raise an IndexError with:
raise IndexError

def insert(link, value, index):
    """Insert a value into a Link at the given index.

    >>> link = Link(1, Link(2, Link(3)))
    >>> print(link)
    <1 2 3>
    >>> insert(link, 9001, 0)
    >>> print(link)
    <9001 1 2 3>
    >>> insert(link, 100, 2)
    >>> print(link)
    <9001 1 100 2 3>
    >>> insert(link, 4, 5)
    IndexError
    """
    if ____________________:
        ____________________
        ____________________
        ____________________
    elif ____________________:
        ____________________
    else:
        ____________________

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q insert

Q11: Deep Linked List Length

A linked list that contains one or more linked lists as elements is called a deep linked list. Write a function deep_len that takes in a (possibly deep) linked list and returns the deep length of that linked list. The deep length of a linked list is the total number of non-link elements in the list, as well as the total number of elements contained in all contained lists. See the function's doctests for examples of the deep length of linked lists.

Hint: Use isinstance to check if something is an instance of an object.

def deep_len(lnk):
    """ Returns the deep length of a possibly deep linked list.

    >>> deep_len(Link(1, Link(2, Link(3))))
    3
    >>> deep_len(Link(Link(1, Link(2)), Link(3, Link(4))))
    4
    >>> levels = Link(Link(Link(1, Link(2)), \
            Link(3)), Link(Link(4), Link(5)))
    >>> print(levels)
    <<<1 2> 3> <4> 5>
    >>> deep_len(levels)
    5
    """
    if ______________:
        return 0
    elif ______________:
        return 1
    else:
        return _________________________

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q deep_len

Q12: Linked Lists as Strings

Kevin and Jerry like different ways of displaying the linked list structure in Python. While Kevin likes box and pointer diagrams, Jerry prefers a more futuristic way. Write a function make_to_string that returns a function that converts the linked list to a string in their preferred style.

Hint: You can convert numbers to strings using the str function, and you can combine strings together using +.

>>> str(4)
'4'
>>> 'cs ' + str(61) + 'a'
'cs 61a'

def make_to_string(front, mid, back, empty_repr):
    """ Returns a function that turns linked lists to strings.

    >>> kevins_to_string = make_to_string("[", "|-]-->", "", "[]")
    >>> jerrys_to_string = make_to_string("(", " . ", ")", "()")
    >>> lst = Link(1, Link(2, Link(3, Link(4))))
    >>> kevins_to_string(lst)
    '[1|-]-->[2|-]-->[3|-]-->[4|-]-->[]'
    >>> kevins_to_string(Link.empty)
    '[]'
    >>> jerrys_to_string(lst)
    '(1 . (2 . (3 . (4 . ()))))'
    >>> jerrys_to_string(Link.empty)
    '()'
    """
    def printer(lnk):
        if ______________:
            return _________________________
        else:
            return _________________________
    return printer

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q make_to_string

Trees

Q13: Prune Small

Complete the function prune_small that takes in a Tree t and a number n and prunes t mutatively. If t or any of its branches has more than n branches, the n branches with the smallest labels should be kept and any other branches should be pruned, or removed, from the tree.

def prune_small(t, n):
    """Prune the tree mutatively, keeping only the n branches
    of each node with the smallest label.

    >>> t1 = Tree(6)
    >>> prune_small(t1, 2)
    >>> t1
    Tree(6)
    >>> t2 = Tree(6, [Tree(3), Tree(4)])
    >>> prune_small(t2, 1)
    >>> t2
    Tree(6, [Tree(3)])
    >>> t3 = Tree(6, [Tree(1), Tree(3, [Tree(1), Tree(2), Tree(3)]), Tree(5, [Tree(3), Tree(4)])])
    >>> prune_small(t3, 2)
    >>> t3
    Tree(6, [Tree(1), Tree(3, [Tree(1), Tree(2)])])
    """
    while ___________________________:
        largest = max(_______________, key=____________________)
        _________________________
    for __ in _____________:
        ___________________

使用 Ok 来测试你的代码：

python3 ok -q prune_small